Sabato 10 settembre evento di sensibilizzazione di Telefono Amico Italia “Non parlarne è 1 suicidio” in 16 piazze italiane. Nel varesotto si terrà a Busto Arsizio, in Piazza Santa Maria.
Segnalazioni relative al suicidio mai così alte come nel 2021. Sono quasi 6.000 le richieste d’aiuto arrivate lo scorso anno a Telefono Amico Italia. Da persone attraversate dal pensiero del suicidio o preoccupate per il possibile suicidio di un proprio caro. Le richieste d’aiuto sono cresciute del 55% rispetto al 2020 e sono quasi quadruplicate rispetto al 2019, prima della pandemia. A preoccupare particolarmente il dato relativo ai giovani: il 28% delle richieste d’aiuto, arrivate alla linea telefonica o nella chat di WhatsApp di Telefono Amico Italia, è di under 26.
E il 2022 non sembra portare miglioramenti: nel primo semestre dell’anno le richieste d’aiuto sono state più di 2.700, il 28% di giovani fino a 25 anni.
Allarme per i giovani sul suicidio lanciato da Telefono Amici
I dati dell’organizzazione di volontariato, diffusi in occasione della Giornata internazionale per la prevenzione del suicidio, che ricorre il 10 settembre, accendono una luce su un fenomeno spesso trascurato ma che nel mondo è responsabile di circa 800.000 morti , una ogni 40 secondi.
L’ALLARME PER I GIOVANI.
L’incidenza del suicidio è particolarmente grave tra i giovani: è in questa fascia d’età, infatti, che rappresenta la percentuale più importante sul totale dei decessi. Ogni anno, quasi 46.000 bambini e adolescenti tra i 10 e i 19 anni si tolgono la vita, circa uno ogni undici minuti [1]. Il suicidio è la quinta causa di morte più comune tra gli adolescenti dai 10 ai 19 anni e la quarta nella fascia d’età dai 15 ai 19 anni (addirittura la terza se si considerano solo le ragazze) [2].
«Il suicidio nei più giovani è un fenomeno di grande impatto, anche perché presenta una fattispecie tutta sua, che non necessariamente è sovrapponibile alle problematiche dell’adulto». Spiega Maurizio Pompili, Professore Ordinario di Psichiatria presso Sapienza Università di Roma e Direttore della UOC di Psichiatria presso l’Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Sant’Andrea di Roma.
«Spesso viene misconosciuto tutto il versante dei segnali d’allarme: solo a posteriori appaiono in maniera nitida quelli che erano segnali anticipatori, ma che erano stati in qualche modo criptati.
Si dovrebbe fare attenzione se il soggetto non riesce a seguire le attività scolastiche. Se non si applica negli sport, è ritirato dagli amici, dagli affetti, ha problematiche somatiche non ben identificabili, fa uso di sostanze in maniera importante. Bisognerebbe, inoltre, cercare di avere l’aiuto, peer to peer, dei compagni. È importante istruire i giovani a riconoscere tra i loro pari la persona che ha bisogno d’aiuto».
Effetti della pandemia da Covid
Con la pandemia la preoccupazione per la salute mentale dei ragazzi è aumentata. Secondo l’Istat, nel 2021 in Italia sono 220mila i ragazzi tra i 14 e i 19 anni insoddisfatti della propria vita e, allo stesso tempo, in una condizione di scarso benessere psicologico [3]. Se, infatti, i giovanissimi sono i meno toccati dagli effetti fisici della pandemia, sono però profondamente colpiti dai lockdown e dalle privazioni alla vita quotidiana e sociale che questi hanno comportato. Il 44% dei teenagers, secondo i Centri per la prevenzione e il controllo delle malattie statunitensi, all’inizio del 2021 si sentiva senza speranza e continuamente triste [4].
Spiega la professoressa Michela Gatta, Direttrice dell’Unità Operativa di Neuropsichiatria Infantile dell’Azienda Ospedale-Università di Padova. «Molti dei ragazzi che si incontrano, sia in ambito clinico che non, riportano paura del futuro, scarsa propositività e progettualità, timore della solitudine, confusione mentale e difficoltà neuropsicologiche, preoccupazioni per malattie o accadimenti negativi a sé e/o agli altri. In ambito neuropsichiatrico infantile, che si occupa di persone fino ai 18 anni, si è evidenziata come più colpita dalla pandemia la fascia d’età adolescenziale, 12/18 anni, e tra questi ragazzi coloro che già soffrivano di disturbi neuropsichici, specie di natura internalizzante (ad esempio ansia, sindromi affettive, disturbi ad espressione somatica), e coloro il cui ambiente familiare si è manifestato meno resiliente.
«In ambito ospedaliero i ricoveri psichiatrici dell’età evolutiva hanno visto un aumento significativo di casi di autolesionismo suicidario e non, e di disturbi del comportamento alimentare». Conclude la professoressa Gatta.
L’IMPORTANZA DELLA PREVENZIONE.
«La prevenzione del suicidio è possibile e riguarda tutti – aggiunge il professor Pompili – il primo passo (quella che viene chiamata prevenzione primaria) consiste nel cercare di sensibilizzare tutta la popolazione sul fenomeno e far sì che tutti sappiano cogliere i segnali d’allarme, così da poter riconoscere il soggetto a rischio e agire d’anticipo. L’obiettivo è fornire a tutti una sorta di ABC per riconoscere il soggetto in crisi. Un po’ come quando notiamo degli elementi salienti di una patologia fisica imminente e, quindi, portiamo al pronto soccorso una persona, sappiamo come soccorrerla. Così dovrebbe essere anche in caso di rischio di suicidio».
[1] Fonte: UNICEF, Le condizioni dell’infanzia nel mondo 2021.
[2] Ibidem.
[3] Fonte: ISTAT, BES 2021: il benessere equo e sostenibile in Italia.
[4] Fonte: https://www.foxnews.com/health/pediatricians-recommend-all-adolescents-be-screened-suicide-risk
I SEGNALI A CUI PRESTARE ATTENZIONE. Ma a quali segnali prestare attenzione?
“Alle verbalizzazioni frasi come “a che serve vivere”, “non ce la faccio più”; all’alterazione delle abitudini. Ad esempio quelle del sonno (sonno disturbato, insonnia o ipersonnia); all’aumento del consumo d’alcool”. Spiega Maurizio Pompili.
“O ancora il soggetto può ritirarsi dagli amici e dagli affetti, cimentarsi in attività rischiose, fare una sorta di testamento (regalare oggetti a lui cari, dare via cose a cui è molto legato). Infine, bisogna prestare attenzione ai cambiamenti d’umore: se un soggetto precedentemente angosciato appare improvvisamente risollevato, come se avesse risolto i suoi problemi dall’oggi al domani, potrebbe aver preso la decisione di suicidarsi. Ha capito come risolvere il suo problema nel modo più estremo”.
“Quando si notano questi segnali bisognerebbe avvicinarsi in maniera molto empatica al soggetto, non lasciarlo solo e portarlo all’attenzione di un operatore della salute mentale. È importante tenere a mente che chi si toglie la vita non vuole morire. Vorrebbe vivere, a patto che si riduca il livello di sofferenza che si trova a sperimentare. Il suicidio è visto come la migliore via di uscita di questo dolore, laddove tutte le altre soluzioni hanno fallito. Riducendo, quindi, questo dolore possiamo aiutarle a salvarsi”. Aggiunge il professor Pompili.
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